Combining Skeletonization, Setpoint Curves, and Heuristic Algorithms to Define District Metering Areas in the Battle of Water Networks District Metering Areas

[EN] The problem presented in this edition of the Battle of the Water Networks is to define district metering areas (DMAs) in a large network. The problem is addressed in two phases. First, the complexity of the network is simplified by dividing it into three operational areas. Second, an optimization algorithm defines DMAs, looking for the best feasible solution. A preliminary simulation of the network is made. From this, engineering judgment allows for defining an initial set of elements suitable to change. In the second stage, a heuristic algorithm is used to search for the best DMA definition by selecting the locations and settings of the pressure-reducing valves and isolation valves. The network is then divided into two categories: the main pipes and the distribution pipes. Only the distribution pipes can be closed. With these restrictions and those described in the problem, the algorithm looks for the best DMA definition based on both the pressure and demand distribution among all the DMAs.This work was supported by the Program Fondecyt Regular (Project 1180660) of the Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (Conicyt), Chile.Martínez-Solano, FJ.; Iglesias Rey, PL.; Mora Melia, D.; Ribelles-Aguilar, J. (2018). Combining Skeletonization, Setpoint Curves, and Heuristic Algorithms to Define District Metering Areas in the Battle of Water Networks District Metering Areas. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management. 144(6):04018023-1-04018023-7. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000938S04018023-104018023-7144

Synergias el primer mercado de contenidos on-line de habla hispana

The combination of the traditional models of operation of contents, along with other emergents like the syndication, the affiliation programs, e-commerce contextual, the payment by use or vision, make possible the creation of new scenes that alter to the chain of value of the information contributing important advantages

Síntesis de antibioticos en streptomyces y su relación con el metabolismo global

Tesis doctoral inédita. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Molecular. Fecha de lectura: 20-02-200

100 Ejercicios resueltos de Sistemas Operativos

Enginyeria Tècnica en Informàtica de Gestió (Pla de 2001). IG11: Sistemes Operatiu

100 Ejercicios resueltos de Sistemas Operativos

Enginyeria Tècnica en Informàtica de Gestió (Pla de 2001). IG11: Sistemes Operatiu

100 Ejercicios resueltos de Sistemas Operativos

Enginyeria Tècnica en Informàtica de Gestió (Pla de 2001). IG11: Sistemes Operatiu

LysA2, the Lactobacillus casei bacteriophage A2 lysin is an endopeptidase active on a wide spectrum of lactic acid bacteria

The lysin gene (lysA2) of the Lactobacillus casei bacteriophage A2 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. LysA2 is an endopeptidase that hydrolyzes the bond between the terminal d-alanine of the peptidoglycan tetrapeptide and the aspartic acid residue that forms the bridge with the l-lysine of a neighboring peptidoglycan chain, characteristic of Gram-positive bacteria included into the A4 peptidoglycan subgroup. This includes most lactobacilli, Lactococcus lactis, Pediococcus acidilactici, and Pediococcus pentosaceus, the walls of all of which were substrates for the enzyme. Specific binding of LysA2 to the wall of these bacteria is mediated by its C-terminal moiety, does not need the N-terminal catalytic domain for recognition, and is stable: at least 88% of the molecules were still bound to L. casei after 3 days in phosphate buffer at 4°C. The enzyme acts as a monomer, is active at pH values between 4 and 6, and at temperatures ranging between 18°C and 50°C while being independent of divalent cation addition. The enzyme showed strong resistance to incubation at high and low pH values but became progressively inactivated at 50°C and above. LysA2 is bactericidal, the viability of L. casei cultures dropping to 1% in 10 min, under the standard conditions used for the enzymatic assay. © 2011 Springer-Verlag.This work was supported by the CICYT grants BFU2007-65781 and AGL2010-15097 from the Ministry of Science and Technology (Spain) and the FEDER Plan.Peer Reviewe

Protection against human papillomavirus type 16-induced tumors in mice using non-genetically modified lactic acid bacteria displaying E7 antigen at its surface

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the causative agent of cervical cancer (CxCa) and the most commonly sexually transmitted pathogen worldwide. HPV type 16 (HPV-16) E7 oncoprotein is constitutively produced in CxCa and considered as a good antigen candidate for the development of new therapeutic CxCa vaccines. Here, we report the use of non-genetically modified, E7-expressing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) by using the cell-binding domain from Lactobacillus casei A2 phage lysin as a cell wall anchor. The versatility of this system was validated by investigating E7 stability at the surface of Lactococcus lactis and L. casei, two major species of LAB. Moreover, we demonstrated the successful use of these LAB displaying E7 antigen as a mucosal live vaccine in mice. Altogether, these results show the feasibility of using non-genetically modified LAB for low-cost mucosal immunotherapy against HPV-related CxCa in humans. © 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.Peer Reviewe